2012, Number 1
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Salud Mental 2012; 35 (1)
Depresión y consumo de alcohol y tabaco en estudiantes de bachillerato y licenciatura
González-González A, Juárez GF, Solís TC, González-Forteza C, Jiménez TA, Medina-Mora ME, Fernández-Varela MH
Language: Spanish
References: 82
Page: 51-55
PDF size: 104.33 Kb.
ABSTRACT
Depression is an emotional upset that disrupts the psycho-affective
sphere and is associated with different risk behaviors, as alcohol and
tobacco use, among young people. The aim of this study is to analyze
the differences on depression in four groups of high school and college
students (1. alcohol users, 2. tobacco users, 3. alcohol and tobacco
non-users, and 4. alcohol and tobacco users). A census was conducted
with 116 214 students with a mean age of 15 and 19 years. Heavy
alcohol and tobacco use was more frequent in men. A factorial ANOVA
analysis was used to compare depressive symptoms between heavy
drinkers (4 or more drinks per occasion) and heavy smokers (4 or
more cigarettes per day) by sex and school level. More depressive
symptoms were found in college students (M=9.7) than in the high
school ones (M = 9.5, p<0.05). The group of alcohol and tobacco
users showed higher levels of depressive symptoms (M=11.3) than
the alcohol only (M=10.5) and tobacco only users (M=10.7). Women
showed more depressive symptoms (M=10.3) than men. Results point
out the need for early detection and intervention, and for more
monitoring strategies to develop actions for reducing alcohol and
tobacco use in this population and, eventually, depressive outcomes.
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Medina-Mora ME, Borges G, Lara C, Benjet C et al. Prevalencia de trastornos mentales y uso de servicios: Resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Epidemiología Psiquiátrica en México. Salud Mental 2003;26(4):1-16.
Kitzrow M. The mental health needs of today’s college students: Challenges and recommendations. National Association Student Personnel Administrators 2003;41:167–181.
Angst J, Angst F, Stassen H. Suicide risk in patients with major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1999;60(2):57–62.
Hickie I. Choosing antidepressant drugs in general practice. Aust Fam Physician 2001;30:663–667.
Marmorstein N, Iacono W. Major depression and conduct disorder in youth: Associations with parental psychopathology and parent–child conflict. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2004;45:377–386.
Renouf A, Kovacs M, Mukerji P. Relationship of depressive, conduct, and comorbid disorders and social functioning in childhood. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997;36:998–1004.
Furr S, Westefeld J, McConnell G, Jenkins J. Suicide and depression among college students: A decade later. Professional Psychology: Research Practice 2001;32:7–100.
Wong J, Cheung E, Chan K, Ma K et al. Web-based survey of depression, anxiety and stress in first-year tertiary education students in Hong Kong. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2006;40:777–782.
Hamdan-Mansour A, Marmash R. Health concerns and risk behaviors among university students in Jordan. Jordan Medical J 2007;41:80–90.
Grunbaum J, Kann L, Kinchen S, Ross J et al. Youth risk behavior surveillance: United States, 2003, Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Surveillance Summaries 2004;53:1–96.
Kosterman R, Hawkins J, Guo J, Catalano R et al. The dynamics of alcohol and marijuana initiation: Patterns and predictors of first use in adolescence. Am J Public Health 2000;90:360-366.
Herrera-Vázquez M, Wagner F, Velasco-Mondragón E, Borges G et al. Inicio en el consumo de alcohol y tabaco y transición a otras drogas en estudiantes de Morelos, México. Salud Publica Mex 2004;46:132-140.
Breslau N, Peterson E, Schultz L, Chilcoat H et al. Major depression and stages of smoking: a longitudinal investigation. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998;55:161–166.
Goodman E, Capitman J. Depressive symptoms and cigarette smoking among teens. Pediatrics 2000;106:748–755.
Wu L, Anthony J. Tobacco smoking and depressed mood in late childhood and early adolescence. Am J Public Health 1999;89:1837–1840.
Breslau N, Novak S, Kessler RC. Psychiatric disorders and stages of smoking. Biol Psychiatry 2004;55(1):69–76.
Breslau N, Peterson E, Schultz L, Chilcoat H et al. Major depression and stages of smoking. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998;55:161-166.
Escobedo L, Reddy M, Giovino G. The relationship between depressive symptoms and cigarette smoking in U.S. adolescents. Addiction 1998;93(3):433–440.
Fergusson DM, Goodwin RD, Horwood LJ. Major depression and cigarette smoking: Results of a 21-year longitudinal study. Psychol Medicine 2003;33:1357–1367.
Wiesbeck GA, Wodarz N, Weijers H-G, Dürsteler-MacFarland KM et al. A functional polymorphism in the promoter region of the monoamine oxidase a gene is associated with the cigarette smoking quantity in alcohol- dependent heavy smokers. Neuropsychobiology 2006;53:181–185.
Balfour D, Ridley D. The effects of nicotine on neural pathways implicated in depression: A factor in nicotine addiction? Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2000;66:79–85.
Markou A, Kosten T, Koob G. Neurobiological similarities in depression and drug dependence: A self-medication hypothesis. Neuropsychopharmacology 1998;18:135-174.
Balfour D, Ridley D. The effects of nicotine on neural pathways implicated in depression: A factor in nicotine addiction? Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2000;66:79-85.
Alati A, Lawlor D, Najman J, Williams GM et al. Is there really a ‘Jshaped’ curve in the association between alcohol consumption and symptoms of depression and anxiety? Findings from the Mater-University Study of Pregnancy and its outcomes. Addiction 2005;100:643–651.
France C, Lee C, Powers J. Correlates of depressive symptoms in a representative sample of young Australian women. Australian Psychologist 2004;39:228–237.
Jane-Llopis E, Matytsina I. Mental health and alcohol, drugs, and tobacco: A review of the comorbidity between mental disorders and the use of alcohol, tobacco and illicit drugs. Drug Alcohol Review 2006;25:515–536.
Rodgers B, Korten AE, Jorm AF, Christensen H et al. Risk factors for depression and anxiety in abstainers, moderate drinkers and heavy drinkers. Addiction 2000;95:1883–1845.
Graham K, Massak A, Demers A, Rehm J. Does the association between alcohol consumption and depression depend on 1242 smoking, depression, and alcohol consumption how they are measured? Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2007;31:78–88.
Adlaf EM, Begin P, Sawka E. Canadian Addiction Survey (CAS): A national survey of Canadians’ use of alcohol and other drugs: Prevalence of use and related harms: Detailed report. Ottawa: Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse; 2005.
Dixit AR, Crum RM. Prospective study of depression and the risk of heavy alcohol use in women. Am J Psychiatry 2000;157:751–758.
Wang J, Patten SB. Alcohol consumption and major depression: Findings from a follow-up study. Can J Psychiatry 2001;46:632–638.
Steuber TL, Danner F. Adolescent smoking and depression: which comes first? Addict Behav 2005;31:133–136.
Wang Y, Browne DC, Storr CL, Wagner FA. Gender and the tobaccodepression relationship: A sample of African American college students at a historically black college or university (HBCU). Addict Behav 2005;30:1437–1441.
Bazargan-Hejazi S, Alvarez G, Teklehaimanot S, Nikakhtar N et al. Prevalence of depression symptoms among adolescents aged 12-17 years in California and the role of overweight as a risk factor. Ethn Dis 2010; 20(1):107-115.
Covey L. Comments on history of depression and smoking cessation outcomes: a meta-analysis. Nicotine Tobacco Research 2004;6:743–745.
Amar AF, Gennaro S. Dating violence in college women: Associated physical injury, healthcare usage, and mental health symptoms. Nurs Res 2005;54:235–242.
Kuehner C. Gender differences in unipolar depression: An update of epidemiological findings and possible explanations. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2003;108:163–174.
Alansari BM. Gender differences in depression among undergraduates from seventeen Islamic countries. Social Behavioral and Personality: An International J 2006;34:729–738.
González-Forteza C, Solís C, Jiménez A, Hernández I et al. Confiabilidad y validez de la escala de depresión CES-D en un censo de estudiantes de nivel medio superior y superior, en la Ciudad de México. Salud Mental 2011;34(1):53-59.
Radloff L. The CES-D Scale: A self-report Depression Scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Meas 1977;1(3):385-401.
Benjet C, Borges G, Medina-Mora ME, Fleiz C et al. La depresión con inicio temprano: Prevalencia, curso natural y latencia para buscar tratamiento. Salud Publica Mex 2004;46(5):417-423.
Medina-Mora ME, Borges G, Lara C, Benjet C et al. Prevalencia de trastornos mentales y uso de servicios: Resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Epidemiología Psiquiátrica en México. Salud Mental 2003;26(4):1-16.
Kitzrow M. The mental health needs of today’s college students: Challenges and recommendations. National Association Student Personnel Administrators 2003;41:167–181.
Angst J, Angst F, Stassen H. Suicide risk in patients with major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1999;60(2):57–62.
Hickie I. Choosing antidepressant drugs in general practice. Aust Fam Physician 2001;30:663–667.
Marmorstein N, Iacono W. Major depression and conduct disorder in youth: Associations with parental psychopathology and parent–child conflict. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2004;45:377–386.
Renouf A, Kovacs M, Mukerji P. Relationship of depressive, conduct, and comorbid disorders and social functioning in childhood. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997;36:998–1004.
Furr S, Westefeld J, McConnell G, Jenkins J. Suicide and depression among college students: A decade later. Professional Psychology: Research Practice 2001;32:7–100.
Wong J, Cheung E, Chan K, Ma K et al. Web-based survey of depression, anxiety and stress in first-year tertiary education students in Hong Kong. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2006;40:777–782.
Hamdan-Mansour A, Marmash R. Health concerns and risk behaviors among university students in Jordan. Jordan Medical J 2007;41:80–90.
Grunbaum J, Kann L, Kinchen S, Ross J et al. Youth risk behavior surveillance: United States, 2003, Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Surveillance Summaries 2004;53:1–96.
Kosterman R, Hawkins J, Guo J, Catalano R et al. The dynamics of alcohol and marijuana initiation: Patterns and predictors of first use in adolescence. Am J Public Health 2000;90:360-366.
Herrera-Vázquez M, Wagner F, Velasco-Mondragón E, Borges G et al. Inicio en el consumo de alcohol y tabaco y transición a otras drogas en estudiantes de Morelos, México. Salud Publica Mex 2004;46:132-140.
Breslau N, Peterson E, Schultz L, Chilcoat H et al. Major depression and stages of smoking: a longitudinal investigation. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998;55:161–166.
Goodman E, Capitman J. Depressive symptoms and cigarette smoking among teens. Pediatrics 2000;106:748–755.
Wu L, Anthony J. Tobacco smoking and depressed mood in late childhood and early adolescence. Am J Public Health 1999;89:1837–1840.
Breslau N, Novak S, Kessler RC. Psychiatric disorders and stages of smoking. Biol Psychiatry 2004;55(1):69–76.
Breslau N, Peterson E, Schultz L, Chilcoat H et al. Major depression and stages of smoking. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998;55:161-166.
Escobedo L, Reddy M, Giovino G. The relationship between depressive symptoms and cigarette smoking in U.S. adolescents. Addiction 1998;93(3):433–440.
Fergusson DM, Goodwin RD, Horwood LJ. Major depression and cigarette smoking: Results of a 21-year longitudinal study. Psychol Medicine 2003;33:1357–1367.
Wiesbeck GA, Wodarz N, Weijers H-G, Dürsteler-MacFarland KM et al. A functional polymorphism in the promoter region of the monoamine oxidase a gene is associated with the cigarette smoking quantity in alcohol- dependent heavy smokers. Neuropsychobiology 2006;53:181–185.
Balfour D, Ridley D. The effects of nicotine on neural pathways implicated in depression: A factor in nicotine addiction? Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2000;66:79–85.
Markou A, Kosten T, Koob G. Neurobiological similarities in depression and drug dependence: A self-medication hypothesis. Neuropsychopharmacology 1998;18:135-174.
Balfour D, Ridley D. The effects of nicotine on neural pathways implicated in depression: A factor in nicotine addiction? Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2000;66:79-85.
Alati A, Lawlor D, Najman J, Williams GM et al. Is there really a ‘Jshaped’ curve in the association between alcohol consumption and symptoms of depression and anxiety? Findings from the Mater-University Study of Pregnancy and its outcomes. Addiction 2005;100:643–651.
France C, Lee C, Powers J. Correlates of depressive symptoms in a representative sample of young Australian women. Australian Psychologist 2004;39:228–237.
Jane-Llopis E, Matytsina I. Mental health and alcohol, drugs, and tobacco: A review of the comorbidity between mental disorders and the use of alcohol, tobacco and illicit drugs. Drug Alcohol Review 2006;25:515–536.
Rodgers B, Korten AE, Jorm AF, Christensen H et al. Risk factors for depression and anxiety in abstainers, moderate drinkers and heavy drinkers. Addiction 2000;95:1883–1845.
Graham K, Massak A, Demers A, Rehm J. Does the association between alcohol consumption and depression depend on 1242 smoking, depression, and alcohol consumption how they are measured? Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2007;31:78–88.
Adlaf EM, Begin P, Sawka E. Canadian Addiction Survey (CAS): A national survey of Canadians’ use of alcohol and other drugs: Prevalence of use and related harms: Detailed report. Ottawa: Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse; 2005.
Dixit AR, Crum RM. Prospective study of depression and the risk of heavy alcohol use in women. Am J Psychiatry 2000;157:751–758.
Wang J, Patten SB. Alcohol consumption and major depression: Findings from a follow-up study. Can J Psychiatry 2001;46:632–638.
Steuber TL, Danner F. Adolescent smoking and depression: which comes first? Addict Behav 2005;31:133–136.
Wang Y, Browne DC, Storr CL, Wagner FA. Gender and the tobaccodepression relationship: A sample of African American college students at a historically black college or university (HBCU). Addict Behav 2005;30:1437–1441.
Bazargan-Hejazi S, Alvarez G, Teklehaimanot S, Nikakhtar N et al. Prevalence of depression symptoms among adolescents aged 12-17 years in California and the role of overweight as a risk factor. Ethn Dis 2010; 20(1):107-115.
Covey L. Comments on history of depression and smoking cessation outcomes: a meta-analysis. Nicotine Tobacco Research 2004;6:743–745.
Amar AF, Gennaro S. Dating violence in college women: Associated physical injury, healthcare usage, and mental health symptoms. Nurs Res 2005;54:235–242.
Kuehner C. Gender differences in unipolar depression: An update of epidemiological findings and possible explanations. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2003;108:163–174.
Alansari BM. Gender differences in depression among undergraduates from seventeen Islamic countries. Social Behavioral and Personality: An International J 2006;34:729–738.
González-Forteza C, Solís C, Jiménez A, Hernández I et al. Confiabilidad y validez de la escala de depresión CES-D en un censo de estudiantes de nivel medio superior y superior, en la Ciudad de México. Salud Mental 2011;34(1):53-59.
Radloff L. The CES-D Scale: A self-report Depression Scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Meas 1977;1(3):385-401.